The History of Clay Bricks - 857 Words

The history of clay bricks, while somewhat resting in the murky depths of time, is no less dynamic as it is hopeful. This brief exploration begins by marking the discovery of clay and then draws into question of who may be responsible for the advent of the clay brick? While there may or may not be a definitive answer, the paper points out that once introduced clay brick making could be found in various parts of the ancient world. Once they were utilized in construction, the use of clay bricks has been responsible for the creation of structures that are both famous and infamous, and the most of the examples provided in this example remain intact to this day; in huge part testament to the durability of clay bricks regardless of what history has in store. Mass production of clay bricks was only achieved quite recently and there are some who bemoan this fact. Yet, today’s manufacturing processes, while quite detailed and carefully considered, have also made it possible for product ion that are, to a degree, are environmentally friendly. Clay has been in use since the prehistoric era when it was fashioned into pottery used for purposes of cooking and storage. Evidence of this has been found in Japan and has been radiocarbon dated to 14000 BC (Scarre, 2013). However, there doesn’t appear to be consensus as to who should be credited with fashioning clay as a material used for purposes of building structures. For example, information found in a book published by the MarshallShow MoreRelatedThe Dying Industry of Brick Production in Norway1857 Words   |  7 PagesA condensed history about the production of â€Å"Tegle stein† in Norway. From the first introduction of fired clay bricks by monks in the early twelfth century. To what affects the Black Death had on production and innovation leading into the 17th century. The 1850’s became the golden time for brick production in Norway with new innovations and technics brought in from Germany. As with all golden times there always is a down turn. The end of the Second World War signaled the start of this down turn,Read MoreMesopotamian Scientific Developments And Aspects1376 Words   |  6 PagesSterling 9/24/14 Miss Laura History Mesopotamian Scientific Developments and Aspects The Mesopotamians pioneered several modern day scientific principles and tools and contributed greatly to the development of future civilizations. (3) The Mesopotamians lived in what is in and near modern day Saudi Arabia between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. This is what lead to their name, as Mesopotamian means â€Å"between two rivers† in greek. Mesopotamia was a land of many different city states and culturesRead MoreEssay on The City of Ur1324 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking it one of the first cities in the world. The paradox of a city built in the desert as one of the first cities in the world is at face value fairly perplexing, however the deeper I looked into this city the more fascinated I became with its rich history and incredibly advanced structures. The desert has very few natural resources and in many ways is not conducive for human life. It is extremely hot during the day with little or no cover from the sun, it is very cold at night, it does not lendRead MoreMesopotamia And Its Impact On Mesopotamia Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesduring this time. Mesopotamia was an outstanding region and contained many treasures including pottery, inventions, architecture, and Ziggurats. Pottery had a major impact on Mesopotamia. During the Ubaid period, objects were created and made of dark clay. Because of this, they often have a brown or green tint. These objects consisted of drinking cups, storage jars, bowls, and plates. The normal households pots were not as extravagant. They were roughly shaped and plain. Some jars had knobs on the sideRead MoreMechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass1825 Words   |  7 PagesHistory: The word â€Å"ceramic† comes from the Greek word keramikos meaning â€Å"of pottery† or â€Å"for pottery† and is one of the most ancient industries on the planet (Wray). In ancient times, around 24,000 BC, humans discovered that once clay and water were mixed together and heated over a kiln, a hardened material was formed. This material was then cooled, glazed, and fired to create a smooth and colored surface. Ancient civilizations used this new mixture to make animal and human figurines for the deadRead MoreEssay On Building Materials1707 Words   |  7 Pagescommon material like brick, sand, cement and steel and which can be easily handled by existing technical manpower available in different parts of the country. Till the year 2000, permanent buildings for EWS generally implied to buildings with 250 thick solid masonry brickwork with reinforced concrete slab of thickness varying between 100mm to 125mm. The Code of Practice for Construction of Hollow and Solid Concrete Block Masonry, IS-2572 was first formulated in 1963. Since bricks were manufactured inRead More The Epic of Gilgamesh and Sumerian Culture Essay792 Words   |  4 Pageson the writing technique in Sumeria. Sumerian art was complex. Clay was the Sumerians most widely used material. Sumerian available because of the invention of cuneiform writing before 3000 B.C. The characters consist of wedge-like strokes, impressed on clay tablets. This system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, probably by the Sumerians The history of the script is strikingly like that of the Egyptian hieroglyphicRead MoreComparative Studies About the Physical Properties of Vari ous Types of Bricks2015 Words   |  9 PagesINFORMATION SHEET 16 HOW CLAY BRICKS ARE MADE INTRODUCTION Clay bricks are used in a wide range of buildings from housing to factories, and in the construction of tunnels, waterways, bridges etc. Their properties vary according to the purpose for which they are intended, but clays have provided the basic material of construction for centuries. Brick is the oldest manufactured building material, and much of its history is lost in antiquity. The oldest burnt or fired bricks have been found on the sitesRead MoreArchitecture And Modern Architecture749 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst necessary to know about architecture’s history, the fundamentals of architecture, and the modern aspect of architecture. The first thing one must understand is the history of architecture. Architecture started during the crude times (Nardo). The first towns/cities where constructed with bricks (Nardo). One of the first cities where Jericho in Jerusalem which was made of mud bricks and their defenses where a huge 25ft high wall made of stone bricks which at that time was an architectural achievementRead MoreEssay about Harappa and Aryans 1500 B.C.E1299 Words   |  6 Pagesused the same pattern, carefully laying out the cities using a north-south grid pattern with wide streets and large rectangular city blocks. They built most buildings of sturdy baked brick molded to a standardized size. Residential and commercial districts were separated from a smaller area or public affairs. Massive brick ramparts 40 feet thick at their base partially protected it from the river waters and any potential human attackers. Large granaries provide evidence of wealth and stored voluminous

Midterm Exam Case Study - 1284 Words

M4A1 Midterm Exam: Case Study Question I: What is your contribution to this discussion? Derek Evans previously worked for a small computer firm that specializes in creating software for management tasks. While Derek Evens was there, he was a main contributor in designing an innovative software system for customer services. This software system is essentially the lifeblood of the firm (Davis, Schiller Wheeler, 2011). When I first read this initial question, I believed it to be quite cut-and-dried. But this was before doing the research; I thought if Derek Evens was being employed as a programmer by the small company, then any intellectual property he created on company time would naturally belong to his original small company. However, I located some resources that implied that the programmer is typically the owner, except when the work-for-hire rules apply (Jassin, 2014). Moreover, if Derek does not have an employment contract and created the innovative software system for customer services in the scope of his e mployment, then U.S. copyright law includes a statutory provision called the work made for hire doctrine. This would allow the employer and not the programmer to own the work created by Derek Evens within the scope of his employment. Since Derek Even’s original company is considered the creator of the work, then this company owns the full copyright to the innovative software system for customer services, under Section 201 (b) of the 1976 Federal Copyright ActShow MoreRelatedCBU Syllabus 2015 MBAC 51031353 Words   |  6 Pagesbudgeting and relevant costs will be discussed. The emphasis will be on decision making. Wherever possible, the generic material provided will be related to community economic development scenarios. Significant time will be spent discussing case studies and problems using materials provided in the text, supplementary handouts and questions brought by the students themselves. The CBU library houses many introductory and other levels of accounting texts which may be useful to students seeking furtherRead MorePsy 100 Week 8 Assignment 2 – Adjustment Case Study – New Updated Work1210 Words   |  5 PagesPSY 100 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 – ADJUSTMENT CASE STUDY – NEW UPDATED WORK To purchase this Click here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/psy-100-week-8-assignment-2-adjustment-case-study-new-updated-work/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM PSY 100 WEEK 8 ASSIGNMENT 2 - ADJUSTMENT CASE STUDY - NEW UPDATED WORK Write a three to six (3-6) page paper in which you: 1. Summarize the two (2) articles you selected from the NPR Website. 2. Describe the major adjustment issues discussed inRead More460 Syllabus KWONG Winter 11 121220855 Words   |  4 PagesECONOMICS MGMT 460: CASE STUDIES IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Winter 2011, SHC C368 Instructor: Kern Kwong, Ph.D. Office: Simpson Tower 805 College of Business and Economics California State University, Los Angeles Office Hours: Tuesday: 2:00-6:00 p.m. Email: kkwong2@calstatela.edu Website: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/kkwong2/Mgmt460 Office Telephone: 323-343-2899 [Use email if you need a reply quickly.] Course Description Management 460 is a case studies course in the managementRead MoreSec 402 Wk 5 Midterm Exam3349 Words   |  14 PagesSEC 402 WK 5 MIDTERM EXAM To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/sec-402-wk-5-midterm-exam/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM SEC 402 WK 5 MIDTERM EXAM SEC 402 WK 5 Midterm Exam TRUE/FALSE 1. A SYN flood is characterized by the brute force transmission of requests for access to the target network, with the aim of overwhelming its capacity to receive them. 2. Computerized information is so tightly bound within the fabric of our society that its trustworthinessRead MorePosition Paper1066 Words   |  5 Pagesunauthorized material to prepare for her Intro to Politics midterm exam and was not honest in her glimpse of seeing the major essay topic. Lucy obtained the midterm exam from the photocopying machine. The definition of â€Å"obtain† in the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary means â€Å"to hold on to, or possess.† In the case of Lucy she had possession of the test when she picked it up from the photocopy machine. This fact shows that Lucy did obtain the exam. The UHD Academic Honesty Section 2.2 labeled AcademicRead MoreComm 222 Outline2369 Words   |  10 Pagesconcordia.ca       Course   Information:   Firstclass       Course   Description       This   course   is   designed   to   provide   students   with   an   opportunity   to   study   individual   behaviour    in   formal   organizations.   Through   theoretical,   case   and   experiential   approaches,   the   focus   of    instruction   progressively   moves   through   individual,   group   and   organizational   levels   of    analysis.   TopicsRead MoreF14 ADMS 4561 course outline Sept 2 14 1 4742 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿School of Administrative Studies Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies Taxation of Personal Income in Canada ADMS 4561 course outline for all sections Fall 2014 last updated September 2 2014 1 Contact Information – Course Director Section Day Time Location Course Director Email address Section D Wednesday 4-7 pm HNE 030 Joanne Magee jmagee@yorku.ca Section E Thursday 7-10 pm HNE 035 Margaret Riggin mriggin@vfmy.com Section F Wednesday 7-10pm HNE 032 Joanne Magee jmagee@yorkuRead MoreMis Quiz1186 Words   |  5 Pages| 1 | Business Information Systems in Your Career | Chapter 1 | | Global E-Business and Collaboration | Chapter 2 | 2 | IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software | Chapter 4 | | Foundations of Business Intelligence | Chapter 5 | 3 | Midterm Exam | | | Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology | Chapter 6 | | Securing Information Systems | Chapter 7 | 4 | Achieving Operational Excellence: Enterprise Applications | Chapter 8 | | E-commerce: Digital Markets, DigitalRead MoreEnglish: Essay and Film Study1298 Words   |  6 PagesStudents will write a total of six essays of approximately 500-750 words each, including a rhetorical reading response, a documented paper, and a final exam essay. Essays should be typed and double-spaced, no font larger than 12, with 1margins, using MLA format, and students must turn in their rough drafts along with the finished papers. In most cases, essays will be based upon readings, and must include a Works Cited page. Portfolio Requirement: Students are required to create and post a FirstRead MorePlagiarism And Academic Dishonesty Prevention Over Detection And Punishment1614 Words   |  7 Pages6. Also, sharing write -ups encourages academic dishonesty. If caught, it would be difficult to identify who has copied and can have a detrimental effect on your grades. Example: Students are working together in a biology lab to do a comparative study of the shelf life of breads when kept in different environmental conditions. In this scenario, Academically honest collaboration would be 1. Sharing and operating lab apparatus together 2. Discussing lab report formats and submission links. 3. Discussing

Justin Kim free essay sample

Justin KimMs. AlontoENG4U0 B10 July 2018The Effects of Lying on Social RelationsSociety views lying with a negative stigma. This view is justified, as when one lies, it is with the intent to deceive, and hides the truth. Noone wants to be lied to, especially when it is about an important matter, even if the liar believes it is for the best. When one lies about something with great significance, it will inevitably lead to poor social relationships. When people lie, it can be to improve the image others have have of them. However, when a liar is exposed, it creates a bad image for them. Having this negative image of them, people will start to avoid the individual, causing them to become isolated. Furthermore, their friends may start to lose trust in them as well, suspecting what their friend told them could be a lie. If this situation occurs, the individual may try lying to subdue the problem, which could cause further doubt about them. We will write a custom essay sample on Justin Kim or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When pushed back into this scenario, even if they apologize, and tell the truth of the matter, the wedge between them has been created, and the doubt will always remain lingering. People will remember this incident, and avoid them, causing the person to have difficulty making new friends, and may even lose some of their current ones. With nobody to confide in, they can start to bottle up their emotions, which can make them more irritable. Lying can also become mentally draining. Studies show that lying is more cognitively demanding than simply telling the truth, (Polage). While it is easier to prepare a lie ahead of time, it is more difficult to create a convincing lie without preparation. A liar must concentrate on creating a lie that doesnt contradict with any of the known facts, or their own lie in order for their lie to remain undetected. When someone tells a lie, they become compelled to remember it as they told it, in case they need to repeat it, (Polage). This can drain a person mentally, because they must keep it in mind at all times in public, lest they want to admit they were lying and suffer consequences. If the liar feels guilty about lying, they will feel more stressed, out of fear of being exposed. This stress, combined with the mental strain they are under, and the possibility of having pent up emotions, they can lead to becoming depressed. When depressed, it becomes difficult to interact with others, since they will feel down and gloomy. Lastly, lying isnt something that is only done once. When someone lies, they will do it more and more often, until it becomes something that happens on a daily basis. A study showed that on average, an American citizen lied around once or twice a day, (Borreli). Furthermore, when questioned about their previous lies, they will have to make up a new one to answer. This creates more opportunities for them to make a mistake, and get caught. Another study showed that when humans lie, the amygdala responds by creating a negative feeling, leading to feelings of guilt. However, as people lie more and more, the amygdala eventually stops, desensitizing them to their lies, (Borreli). This causes people to lie more often, because they feel less guilty about doing it. When they dont get caught, that also increases the likelihood of them telling another lie, as they will believe that they can get away with it without being caught. The higher the frequency that one lies, the more opportunities there are for them to be caught.People will lie in hopes of improving their social status or to others opinions of them. Instead, lying will cause people to become more irritable, and depressed, as well as constantly lie to others. It is these factors that will lead to having poor social relationships. Rather than becoming the ideal person they want to become, in others eyes, they will be seen as a all around bad person. Alternatively, one should focus on becoming more honest, and earn others trust through effort, rather than trying to take a shortcut and lying.

Macbeth Motifs free essay sample

Another prominent example of appearance vs. reality in Macbeth is the entire scene of Scene five in Act one when Lady Macbeth lures Duncan into her castle. During this scene Lady Macbeth behaves like an â€Å"innocent flower while being the serpent underneath† by accepting Duncan into her house happily, making him believe she was a loyal subject to him all-the-while plotting his death. The last example of appearance vs. reality in Macbeth is in Act four Scene three when Malcolm meets Macduff in England, he is initially wary of him. To test his integrity, Malcolm pretends to have very low moral values and pretends to be a womanizer, greedy, and dishonorable; yet it reality, Malcolm is just the opposite. In Act one Scene two of Macbeth, blood was the second motif presented. Blood is displayed everywhere in the play Macbeth beginning with the opening battle between Scotland and Norway when the â€Å"bloody† or bleeding captain arrives. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Motifs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Before Macbeth and Lady Macbeth commenced upon their murdering voyage, blood began to symbolize their guilt. At the end of Act two Scene one, Macbeth has a soliloquy as he â€Å"sees† a floating bloody dagger. One can also deduce that the â€Å"dagger† soliloquy is also a part of the motif appearances vs. reality: Macbeth might be seeing the dagger only as a result of the impending guilt and crime he was about to commit. As the play continues, blood comes to symbolize their guilt, and Macbeth begins to feel that their crimes have stained them in a way that cannot be washed clean. In Act two Scene two Macbeth cries after killing Duncan â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather/ the multitudinous seas incarnadine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (II. ii, lines 58-61). Regardless of this guilt, Macbeth continues to murder numerous people resulting in the motif, blood, appearing again. In Act five Scene one, Lady Macbeth begins to experience suppressed guilt as well when she starts to sleep walk. While Lady Macbeth sleep walks she talks to herself and continuously rubs her hands in a washing motion in order to get rid of the blood only she can see. Similar to the â€Å"dagger† soliloquy, Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking scene can also be considered a part of the motif appearances vs. reality since the blood she is trying to wash away isn’t there. In Act one Scene three of Macbeth, the motif darkness is the third motif presented. Throughout the entire play, with the exception of Act one Scene six, darkness was the main â€Å"setting†, providing the play with an ominous and eerie mood. One can deduce that this motif was also used to unsuccessfully shield the evil doings of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Darkness is first introduced or inferred to when Macbeth states that the weather was horrible in Act one Scene three. Darkness is also presented in Act one Scene five when Lady Macbeth calls on darkness to shield all eyes to her wicked acts. In Act two Scene four, it is made apparent that Darkness has come along with other abnormalities after Duncan was killed when Ross says, â€Å"By Th’ clock ‘tis day/ and yet dark night strangles the traveling lamp: Isn’t night’s predominance, or the day’s shame/ That darkness does the face of the earth entomb/ When living light should kiss it? † (II. iv, lines 6-9). Although darkness was called by Lady Macbeth for protection, it eventually turns against her, making her afraid of the darkness. This can be deduced because of the constant candle she carries around while sleepwalking in Act five scene one. One can also deduce that in the final scene and act of the play, the darkness that has plagued Scotland disperses with the death of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Throughout the Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth, motifs play a central role as a way to display important actions, scenes, and lines. The three motifs, appearances vs. reality, blood, and darkness, are the most prominent motifs since they add structure and entirety to the play. One can presume that the three motifs are essential to the characters and settings edifice. Works Cited Shakespeare, William, and Eugene M. Waith. The Tragedy of Macbeth;. New Haven: Yale UP, 1954. Print.

Biogenetics essays

Biogenetics essays An article published on April 25, 1953 in the science journal Nature written by scientists James Watson and Francis Crick, modestly suggested a model for the structure and replication of the DNA (refer to picture 1), the face of science changed forever (Aldridge, 8). The evolution of technology has reached a point where it is capable of creating and modifying the DNA using Biogenetics Engineering. Although Biogenetics Engineering is becoming a more well known subject to the general public, there are definitely issues and uncertainties to be resolved. There are doubts about how safe Biogenetics Engineering is, and also how difficult it will be to control it. Furthermore, for the first time in the history of mankind, humans passed from the status of being created, to the status of being creators. In my opinion, Biogenetics is risky; however, it is already here and now the best solution is to try to control it. Biogenetics Engineering first took shape as experimentation into finding cures for diseases and the production of antibiotics. The process involves the ability to reproduce and modify the DNA. In one common method used, the desired molecules of DNA are removed from the donor organism and implanted into the genetic material, so it can react and reproduce in the new genetic organism. In my point of view, this process does no damage to the environment. On the other hand, there is a certain stage where the process has to be tested on animals, or even humans. In some cases, the process can cause serious damage to the organism, maybe even leading to death. The main point is not the process, which Biogenetics Engineering has made, but mostly, the outcome of this process. An article from the Pure Food Campaign stated that Biogenetics Engineers will be creating thousands of new organisms over the next few years, and the result can seriously harm the biological environment. The article impl ies that the prospect is frightening regarding...

Anderson- Surname Meaning and Origin

Anderson- Surname Meaning and Origin ANDERSON Surname Meaning Origin: Patronymic surname meaning son of Andrew. Andrew (man, manly) was the first of Jesus disciples, and was a revered name in medieval times due to its church connections. St. Andrew is the patron saint of both Scotland and Russia. Swedish patronymic son names traditionally end in -son,  not -sen.  In Denmark the regular patronymic is -sen.  In Norway, both are used, although -sen  is more common. Icelandic names traditionally end in -son  or -dotir. Surname Origin: Swedish, Danish, Norwegian English Alternate Surname Spellings: ANDERSEN, ANDERSSON, ANDERSSEN, MCANDREWS Fun Facts About the ANDERSON Surname: Many Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who emigrated to America with the last name Andersson or Anderssen, dropped the extra -S after their arrival. Famous People with the Surname ANDERSON: Pamela Anderson - Canadian-American model and actressMary Anderson - inventor of the windshield wiperWillie Anderson - professional Scottish golferJoe Anderson - British actorWes Anderson - independent filmmakerHans Christian Anderson - Danish author Genealogy Resources for the Surname ANDERSON: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Anderson and Andersen Family DNA ProjectJoin Anderson and Andersen individuals worldwide working together to sort out Anderson families from different countries and connect Anderson families who came to America through DNA. Anderson Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Anderson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Anderson query. There are also separate forums for the ANDERSEN and ANDERSSEN variations of the Anderson surname. FamilySearch - ANDERSON GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Anderson surname and its variations. ANDERSON Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Anderson surname. Cousin Connect - ANDERSON Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Anderson, and sign up for free notification when new Anderson queries are added. DistantCousin.com - ANDERSON Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Anderson. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Vaginal Examinations Paper Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vaginal Examinations Paper - Literature review Example Friedman created a cervicograph to  offer  clinicians with an objective  means  of gauging  labour  development, which  was later established  to  become  the partogram (Albers, 2001a:p351). While Friedman’s  curve  illustrates that the dilation  pace  should be one centimetre per an hour (Arya, Whitworth and Johnson, 2007), there has been a  dispute  on this  pace  of cervical development from both obstetricians and midwives. Albers (2007b: p209) researches on the care methods to  maintain  birth  normal, for  instance  social  sustenance  and non -pharmacological techniques of pain reliever,  position  change and activity. Her results show a slower  development  of  labour  with no a raise in complications for the  baby  or mother. According to Albers, the optional rate of cervical dilation should be between 0.3cm and 0.5cm per hour. Vaginal examination is an assessment tool that offers encouragement to the mo ther and midwife that labour  is  systematic  towards the birth. According to Albers (2007b: p212), the rate of vaginal examination is reliant on the health professional and the medical institution. There is a  difference  of three hourly, four hourly or six hourly or at the midwives’ judgment. ... on, for example, foetal position, `presentation and  drop  of the presenting part alongside with information on cervical consistency, effacement, and dilatation of the cervix (Thorpe and Anderson, 2006:p22). When placing into the  milieu  of what the woman is experiencing, and her  labour  concerning the length,  intensity  and  strength  of the contractions the midwife could  advance  her perceptive of that woman’s  labour. While interpretation of these aspects may be  variable, the vaginal examination is a  significant  ability  that midwives must develop. This can assists them to understand labour rhythms and signal  divergence  from the physiological process. Without a doubt, many midwives use vaginal examinations that  assist  them to  widen  their skills in the examination of labour. Hence, improving their skills in understanding the signs of the labour development, this could differ with each woman. The  performance  of midwives when doing a vaginal examination hints an  echelon  of awkwardness, as well as  potential  issues about  authority  and  control. In her research  survey, the midwives and women's incidents of vaginal examination in labour, Stewart (2006: p31) findings  indicate  that the midwives actions  imply  high levels of  embarrassment  when performing a vaginal examination. Stewart (2006: p34) employed a critical ethnographic advance to  centre  on how the to  converse  vaginal examination with the  woman  and how midwives  perform  it in practice. She institutes two main arguments that she explains as sanitisation through verbal and action sanitisation (Stewart, 2006: p35). Stewart proposes that midwives  employ  a number of physical and verbal strategies to  detach  themselves from vaginal examinations. These include the  employment  of

Analytical Essay #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analytical #1 - Essay Example Based on the nature of the constitution and the provisions on the powers of the federal government, the American system has created a limited government scenario as the mandate of the federal government are limited by the fundamental constitutional provisions (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 47). Through different approaches, the federal government controls the supply of money into the economy as a way of strengthening the currency and inflation. Through this function, the government ensures that the economy is protected from the impacts of credit and financial crisis as witnessed in the previous years. The federal government is also constitutionally required to regulate the trade within different states in the country and with international markets. This ensures that unscrupulous trading activities are controlled and illegal entry of products restricted. Treaties that border on security and protection of the territorial boundaries of the country like the north Atlantic treaties are a role of the national government. As a result, no other branch of government or state can declare war against a foreign country as this is the constitutional role of the federal government (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 46). The role of the national government on issues that affect the life of the citizens has remained a controversial issue and this contributed to the limitation of the powers of the federal government. Before the American civil war, debates on the scope of the powers of the national government raged but most believed that the limitation of the federal government power would be in the interest of the people. The debates influenced the limitation of the powers of the federal government and different reasons have been cited for the limited nature of government in the country (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 73). One of the main contributing factors was the legacy of revolution which created the fear of the establishment of centralized power system

Questionnaire results Essay Example for Free

Questionnaire results Essay The questionnaire is an essential part of our research it gives us an insight to what people think. The questionnaire was randomly given out to males and females. More females had answered our questionnaire which does not matter as long as we have the views of the males as well. It can be seen that a variety of ages were asked to do the questionnaire. This shows us we will get a variety of results. We asked Do you eat Ice cream? 85% of the people said Yes. This question was vital for us because we are selling Ice Cream. The outcome of the results is good because we had more than 50% saying Yes. The question How often do you eat Ice Cream? was asked so we can see if Ice Cream is popular within people. Most people said they eat Ice Cream once a month. This is not good as we would like people to come to our Ice Cream parlour. We would have to promote our business to get customers to come to our Ice Bar. We had asked a variety of flavours. The most popular flavour was chocolate this shows us which flavours we can order and how many litres we would need to buy. We had also asked people if there were any other flavours they like; we did get a few people with more flavours. These flavours do not seem popular but we can try them. We asked Do you visit Ice Cream parlour? majority of the results were No. This is not good for our business, but it can be understood that there are not a lot of Ice Cream parlours. In the area we are to open Ice Bar there are none at all. So this is good for us but then there is a lot of competition due to a lot of food businesses. We will need to advertise our business to let people know we are open and we sell Ice Cream. We got more promising results when we asked Would you visit your local Ice Cream parlour. A majority people of people said Yes. So this is good for our business. At least we can see from the results that people would visit an Ice Cream parlour if available to them. Every business needs a name. We came up with a few ideas for our business but could not decide which one to have because four of the ones we chose we liked. As we are partners we could not agree on the same name so we decided to let the public decide which name is better suited. It can be seen Ice Bar was the popular name. So we had decided to go with this name for our business. By researching which areas are better to locate our business with the help of the above criteria, we decided to locate on Ecclesall Road as this is close to the city centre with a high density of both residential and business premises. Ecclesall Road is a predominantly student area. This will start of with a good client base from which we can build from. It is vital that the Ice Bar has both a shop front facing on the main street, and a visible separate entrance. The premises we have found is located on Ecclesall Road as intended to. The property details are as follows on the next page. The property is easily accessible, public transportation is available as it is on a main road Plan of Ice Bar The layout of the area of the Ice Bar must be made easy for customers and waiters/waitresses to move freely. The kitchen must comply with all the Health Safety requirements, but at the same time all implements should be set out within easy reach of preparations areas. Food prepared in advance must be stored in the freezer, which should also be in easy reach of the preparation area. In the plan you can see this is done. To enter the parlour there are double doors which will make easier access for people and more space for people to get in and out. This will be most necessary when Ice Bar is going to be busy. We have a main bar in the parlour which designed to for a modern and different look. As there was more space we decided to place another bar which faces the window. So it will also show the parlour is big and welcomes a lot of customers. As we are in a student area we decided to have a corner in the room where people of any ages to come and relax with a table could do some work if wanted to? Behind the main bar is a worktop where we are to make the ice creams. We cannot make the ice creams on the main bar as this would make the customers feel we were intruding into their privacy. There is more space on the worktop and jus in case of any spills this could be helpful. On the worktop there are to be placed a few of the glasses to show the customers the size of them. It would be quicker an all. There is an entrance to the store room where all the ingredients to make Ice Cream Sundaes are. The shelving is used for storing the toppings and sauces and spare Ice Cream glasses. The large freezer is to be placed in the store room. The reason for this is that there is not enough space to keep it on the shop floor. The freezer is an industrial freezer so the appearance of it will be unattractive. Quality Assurance Quality assurance is a planned and well-organised pattern of all actions necessary to provide sufficient confidence that the product or service meets the customers expectations. Training Our quality assurance will consist of a course of training for all our staff. Each staff member will be taken aside and informed of all the information they will need to learn. They will then be tested on this and their score will be recorded on a training record card. All staff will also be trained in how to create the sundaes and present them to a high standard. Staff must complete a basic food hygiene course before they can participate in making the desserts.

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay -- Author Literary Analysis

As a man of great wisdom, knowledge, tradition, and culture, Chinua Achebe is a promoter of education and tradition who is well versed in both his African roots and Christian religion (Loveday). He has won awards like the Man Booker and Commonwealth Poetry Prize for his novels, short stories, essays, and children’s books and was thrust into fame after publishing Things Fall Apart. Born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe, in colonial Ogidi, Nigeria, he is the son of missionary teachers Isaiah and Janet Achebe. He was born on November 15, 1930 to a devout Anglican family; however, his parents still allowed Achebe to experience his tribal tradition as well (Telgen 262). He left Ogidi to go to school at Government College, and from there he went to the University College of Ibadan where he studied English, theology, and history. There, he earned his BA and departed from his British name to embrace the name Chinua. From 1953 to 1966 he was a writer for a Nigerian broadcasting company. Soo n after, he became a diplomat for the Biafran government during Nigeria’s Civil War. Eventually Achebe became a professor at the Universities of Nigeria, Nsukka; Massachusetts, Amherst; and Connecticut. In more recent years, he unfortunately became a paraplegic in a car accident in 1990 and was exiled from Nigeria until 1999. He currently teaches at Bard College in New York, yet he still directs an educational book company and a bilingual magazine in Nigeria. Achebe’s work comments on the changing political and social conditions of Africa and especially on the change that colonialism brought to his home country. He is noted for keeping his ideas fair and understanding, unlike others, for he learned both English and African points of view (Petri and Pesonen)... ...graphies. 6th ed. EBSCOHost, 1 Dec. 2009. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. . Liukkonen, Petri, and Ari Pesonen. â€Å"Chinua Achebe (1930-) - in full Albert Chinualumogu Achebe.† Kirjasto. N.p., 2008. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. . Loveday, Veronica. Chinua Acehbe. 2005. N.p.: Great Neck Publishing, 2005. 1-2. Our Leaders: Africa. Student Research Center Biographies. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"’Things Fall Apart.’† Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 262-263. Print. Novels for Students.

Various Government Roles in Health Care

The government performs several important roles, including financing, delivering, and regulating the delivery of healthcare. The federal government or the state government programs provides healthcare for uninsured individuals or low income families with needs. The federal government regulates programs such as Medicaid and Medicare providers. They regulate such things as health codes, the insurance industry, licensed personnel, and facilities. Important Roles The government which consists of federal, state and local combined has many important roles in the U. S healthcare system.One of the roles in which the government provides is finance. It is estimated that 48% of healthcare was paid for by public dollars in 2008, which included Medicare, Medicaid, state and local health programs, CHIP, and Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Yesalis, Holt, & Politzer, 2012). Federal and State governments jointly fund Medicaid, long term mental health services, community health centers an d public health programs. Regulation shapes all aspects of America's fragmented health care industry, from the flow of dollars to the communication between physicians and patients.It is the engine that translates public policy into action. While the health and lives of patients, as well as almost one-sixth of the national economy depend on its effectiveness, health care regulation in America is bewilderingly complex. Government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels direct portions of the industry, but hundreds of private organizations do so as well. Some of these overseers compete with one another, some conflict, and others collaborate. Their interaction is as important to the provision of health  care as are the laws and rules they implement. (Robert I. Field)RegulationsThe state government also regulates licensing for health care personnel, facilities, and establishes health codes. The government basically controls the health industry with rules and regulations. Rangi ng from: Regulation/licensing, mental health services, vital statistics, public health issues, public health laboratories, communicable disease control programs, environmental health, maternal/child health, health planning, and health education. (Yesalis, Holt, & Politzer, 2012).

New Drug Epidemic on College Campus

English 162 October 4,2012 New Drug Epidemic on College Campuses Prescription drug abuse among college students is a growing trend on most campuses. Students are using these drugs inappropriately to not only â€Å"get high†, but to help with concentration when cramming for papers or tests, to self-medicate for anxiety or depression, and even to enhance their stamina when playing sports. Many people have stereotypes of what an alcoholic or addict is, and most people don't associate that image with young students.Although drug education has been mandatory in the US throughout grade school drug use continues to rise in college students. College is known as a time for experimentation, but for some students experimentation can turn into addiction. Being young and in college doesn't protect you from addiction. Responsible behavior does. Alcohol and drug use among students is a serious problem. Campus environments are often seen as encouraging not only use but abuse. Binge-drinking ( drinking to get drunk, usually considered at least four drinks on any occasion) is one form of substance abuse that is very common among students.Alcohol and drugs pose special problems for students. The average student who has one drink a day earns a GPA at only a C-level, and grades plummet with higher consumption. Women need to drink only half what male students do to cause the same effect on their grades. Almost half of academic problems come from abusing alcohol. It's also a factor in about a third of drop-outs. In an environment where binge-drinking is common, so are substance-related legal offences and injuries. Illegal drugs, underage possession of alcohol and drunk driving can costs fines and jail time.Fights, sexual assault, and injuries are more likely to happen when one has been drinking or doing drugs. Half of campus injuries are alcohol-related. One third of people who die in drunken driving crashes are under 25 years old. It's the leading cause of death for young peop le. In 2010, an estimated 22. 6 million Americans aged 12 or older—or 8. 9 percent of the population—had used an illicit drug or abused a psychotherapeutic medication (such as a pain reliever, stimulant, or tranquilizer). This is up from 8. 3 percent in 2002.The increase mostly reflects a recent rise in the use of marijuana, the most commonly used illicit drug. [www. oasamhas. gov/] Prescription drug abuse is when someone takes a medication that was prescribed for someone else or takes their own prescription in a manner or dosage other than what was prescribed. There's a reason that prescription drugs are intended to be taken under the direction of a doctor: if used improperly they can be dangerous. Teens are making the decision to abuse prescription medicines based on misinformation.In fact, many people think that abusing prescription drugs is safer than abusing illicit drugs. Some people take other people's drugs for their intended purposes (to relieve pain, to stay awake, or to fall asleep). Others take them to get high, often at larger doses than prescribed, or by a different route of administration. Most prescription drugs come in pill or capsule form. Sometimes, people who abuse prescription drugs break or crush the pill or capsule, then swallow the drug, sniff it, or â€Å"cook† it—turn it to liquid—and then inject it.What’s wrong with Abusing Prescription Drugs? Taking a drug for another purpose than prescribed. As the facts will tell you, prescription drugs can have dangerous short- and long-term health consequences when used incorrectly or by someone other than for whom they were intended. All of the drug types soon mentioned can produce pleasurable effects at sufficient quantities, so taking them for the purpose of getting high is one of the main reasons people abuse them. ADHD drugs like Adderall are also often abused by students for their effects in promoting alertness and concentration.When abused, prescr iption drugs may be taken in inappropriate doses or by routes of administration that change the way the drugs act in the body, risking overdose. For example, when people who abuse oxycodone (OxyContin) they crush and inhale the pills, a 12-hour dose hits their central nervous system all at once—which increases their risk of addiction and overdose. Almost every medication presents some risk of undesirable side effects, sometimes even serious ones. Doctors consider the potential benefits and risks to each patient before prescribing medications.They understand that drugs affect the body in many ways and take into account things like the drug’s form and dose, its possible side effects, and the potential for addiction or withdrawal. For example, doctors know how to change the dose of a painkiller to prevent withdrawal symptoms. People who abuse drugs might not understand how these factors may affect them or that prescription drugs do more than cause a high, help them stay a wake, help them relax, or relieve pain. Abuse can include taking a friend's or relative's prescription to get high, to treat pain, or because you think it will help with studying.The classes of prescription drugs most commonly abused are: opioid pain relievers, such as Vicodin or Oxycontin; stimulants for treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), such as Adderall, Concerta, or Ritalin; and central nervous system (CNS) depressants for relieving anxiety, such as Valium or Xanax. The most commonly abused OTC drugs are cough and cold remedies containing dextromethorphan. It is sometimes abused to get high, which requires large doses (more than what is on the package instructions) that can be dangerous.Prescription drugs have chemical names, brand names you may have heard before, and street names. Hillbilly heroin, oxy, OC, oxycotin, percs, happy pills, vikes are for Opaids. Depressants can be called Barbs, reds, red birds, phennies, tooies, yellows, yellow jackets, candy , downers, sleeping pills, tranks and stimulants Skippy, the smart drug, Vitamin R, bennies, black beauties, roses, hearts, speed, uppers. When abused, prescription drugs may be taken in inappropriate doses or by routes of administration that change the way the drugs act in the body, risking overdose.Rehab clinics have seen the sharp increased in the number of college students entering for treatment in the past 10 years. In correspondence to the increasing abuse of prescription opiates, abuse of heroin is also increasing among people age 18-25. For many prescription opiates are a stepping stone to heroin, which provides a greater high for a cheaper price. There continues to be a large â€Å"treatment gap† in this country. In 2010, an estimated 23. 1 million Americans (9. 1 percent) needed treatment for a problem related to drugs or alcohol, but only about 2. million people (1 percent) received treatment What can you do to help someone you suspect is abusing prescription drugs ? Abusing prescription drugs is a dangerous thing. If you suspect someone that you love of abusing these drugs then it may be time to get some information. If you are the parent then talk to their doctor about the prescription and what the dosage was. Explain that you feel that they may be abusing these pills. Make an appointment and ask their doctor to talk to them. People don’t necessarily aim to become addicted to these pills but it happens too often. That is why these pills can only be obtained by a doctor.If you suspect a friend of abusing prescription drugs, calmly sit down and talk to them. Never accuse someone of being addicted by doing so they may become defensive and not only will you not get any answers but you could end up alienating them as well. Talk to a school guidance counselor or parents if you suspect that a friend is abusing prescription drugs. The goal is to get them help and not lose the friendship. They will need you and they need your friendship. Tell them about the other health risks that could happen and that you will be there for them and that you will get through it together.Support is a great thing to have. When someone has a drug problem, it’s not always easy to know what to do. If you are concerned about someone’s drug use (illicit or prescription), encourage him or her to talk to a parent, school guidance counselor, or other trusted adult. There are also anonymous resources, such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK) and the Treatment Referral Helpline (1-800-662-HELP). The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK) is a crisis hotline that can help with many problems, not just suicide. This includes problems due to drug use.Family and friends who are concerned about a loved one or anyone interested in mental health treatment referrals can call this Lifeline. In addition, the Treatment Referral Helpline (1-800-662-HELP)—offered by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration—refers callers to treatment facilities, support groups, and other local organizations that can provide help for their specific needs. You can also locate treatment centers in your state by going to. A person who takes drugs whether prescription or not above and beyond the prescribed amount is a person who abuses prescription drugs.Statistics say that there is an estimated 36 million people in the United States alone between the ages of 12 years old and older have abused prescription drugs at least one time in their lives. The most common prescription drugs often abused are Xanax, Valium, Ritalin, OxyCotin and Vicodin. These prescriptions start out being given by a doctor for an injury or treatment. Drug use, also involving marijuana and alcohol is common among college students across the nation. Students can usually articulate why they have chosen to use drugs, but they all fail to consider the long-term consequences of recreational drug use.These lon g-term effects include committing crimes, academic failure, medical problems and social problems. English 162 Oct 3, 2012 National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at American Colleges and Universities (New York: 2007). National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. You’ve Got Drugs: IV: Prescription Drug Pushers on the Internet (New York, 2007). Teens and Prescription Drugs: An Analysis of Recent Trends on the Emerging Drug Threat (Washington, D.C. : Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2007). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS Publication No. SMA 07-4293). Rockville, MD, 2007. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction (Reprinted 2008). This publication provides an overview of the science behind the disease of addiction. Publication #NIH 08-5605. Available online at www. drugabuse. gov/scienceofaddiction.

Mistakes to Avoid When Writing Fictional Dialogue

Mistakes to Avoid When Writing Fictional Dialogue In this episode, we talk about some of the basics of writing great dialogue in fiction – and specifically, some of the common mistakes you should avoid before you submit your manuscript to a publisher or agent for review.Great dialogue does several things:It makes a book hard to put down.It draws readers into the story.It suspends the readers disbelief.It gives the reader a sense of being there.Here are the mistakes we cover in this episode:Mistake 1: AdverbsIn general, the more adverbs surrounding the verb – whether that verb is asked, said, thought, or something similar – the less writing experience the author probably has.Mistake 2: Allowing Your Characters to Be Talking HeadsMake sure that your characters dialogue is occurring in a setting that gives the reader some context as to what is happening around the characters as they are speaking.Mistake 3: Writing out the Entire ConversationYou can start the conversation anywhere you feel is necessary and end it th e same way, with the right set-up in the words surrounding your dialogue.

First Meetings and Introductions in Japanese

First Meetings and Introductions in Japanese Learn how to meet and introduce yourself in  Japanese. Grammar Wa 㠁 ¯ is a  particle  which is like English  prepositions but always comes after nouns. Desu 㠁 §Ã£ â„¢ is a topic marker and can be translated as is or are.  It also acts as an equal sign. Watashi wa Yuki desu. ç § Ã£  ¯Ã£â€šâ€ Ã£  Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š -   I am Yuki.Kore  wa  hon desu. 㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - This is a book. Japanese often omit the topic when it is obvious to the other person. When introducing yourself, Watashi  wa  Ã§ § Ã£  ¯ can be omitted. It will sound more natural to a Japanese person. In a conversation, Watashi  Ã§ §  is rarely used. Anata 㠁‚㠁 ªÃ£ Å¸) which means you is similarly avoided.Hajimemashite 㠁 ¯Ã£ ËœÃ£â€š Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦ is used when meeting a person for the first time. Hajimeru 㠁 ¯Ã£ ËœÃ£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹ is the verb which means to begin. Douzo  yoroshiku  Ã£  ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁  is used when you introduce yourself, and other times when you are asking a favor of someone. Besides family or close friends, Japanese are rarely addressed by their given names. If you go to Japan as a student, people will probably address you by your first name, but if you go there on business, it is better to introduce yourself with your last name. (In this situation, Japanese never introduce themselves with their first name.) Dialogue in Romaji Yuki: Hajimemashite, Yuki desu. Douzo yoroshiku. Maiku: Hajimemashite, Maiku desu. Douzo yoroshiku. Dialogue in Japanese ゆ㠁 : 㠁 ¯Ã£ ËœÃ£â€š Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã£â€šâ€ Ã£  Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š 㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£â‚¬â€š ãÆ'žã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¯: 㠁 ¯Ã£ ËœÃ£â€š Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¯Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š 㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£â‚¬â€š Dialogue in English Yuki: How do you do? I am Yuki. Nice to meet you. Mike: How do you do? I am Mike. Nice to meet you. Cultural Notes Katakana is used for foreign names, places, and words. If you are not Japanese, your name can be written in katakana. When introducing yourself, the bow (ojigi) is preferred to a handshake. Ojigi is an essential part of daily Japanese life. If you live in Japan for a long time, you will begin bowing automatically. You might even bow when you are talking on the phone (like many Japanese do)!

How did religion and socio-economic factors challenges to reform under Essay

How did religion and socio-economic factors challenges to reform under the Qajars in Iran from the mid-19th to early 20th century - Essay Example This paper will discuss the manner in which religion and socio-economic factors challenged reform under the Qajars in Iran from the mid-19th to early 20th century. In any society, religion is an important aspect especially in development and reforms issues. In the Iranian society, between the periods of mid-19th century and early 20th century, reformation occurred in terms of nationality, identity, politics and the constitution. In these reformations, religion was an important aspect. Islam was the main and most famous religion in Iran and reflected the definite economic trends and the changes in class interests, property relations and social tendencies. Islam was an integral part of leadership, political, economic and social lives of people in Iran at this time. Thus, it influenced the type of reformation that occurred in the country. During the Qajar dynasty in Iran, the political leadership and governance of the country was a weak centralized regime that had strong provincial tribal forces and an independent religious establishment (Lapidus, 2002:65). European conquests, cultural influence and economic expedition made the state and society weak and encouraged constitutional revolution. However, Islam opposed the reformations that were introduced by the Europeans especially because the reforms were seen as a conflict of religious interest between Christianity from Europe and Islam that had existed in Iran for a good while. For instance, Europeans wanted women to be educated similarly to men, something that Islam was against because according to its customs, women were not the same as men, were not allowed to get an education but remain at home, and serve their families (Nomani & Behdad, 2006:127). The fact that the Qajars wanted to maintain a tenuous suzerainty enhanced the power of the religious establishments. The independence of the religious establishment hit the Qajars hard. The Ulama of Iran had a strong